One way to do the expansion... convert your monthly dates to the first of each month, then use dateshift to check which month each of your days match:
% Some placeholder data... you'll have to read your tables as appropriate
tmon = datetime(1982, 1:3, 1);
ymon = [0.15 -0.02 -0.05];
tday = datetime(1982,1,1) + days(0:89);
% Match up days to months
[~,loc] = ismember(dateshift(tday, 'start', 'month'), tmon);
yday = ymon(loc);
